📚 Articles
Discover tool tips, technical principles, and update news.
SHA-512 Hash Algorithm Explained: Working Principles, Security, and Modern Applications
A comprehensive guide to the SHA-512 cryptographic hash function: Learn about its design history, core characteristics, and step-by-step working principles (including padding, 128-bit length appending, 64-bit state registers, and the 80-step loop). Discover its applications in SSL/TLS security, Linux password hashing, and modern signatures, and learn how it compares to SHA-256.
Read MoreSHA-256 Hash Algorithm Explained: Working Principles, Security, and Modern Applications
A comprehensive guide to the SHA-256 cryptographic hash function: Learn about its design history, core features, and step-by-step working principles (including padding, message expansion, and the 64-step loop). Discover its applications in HTTPS certificates, blockchain consensus, and digital signatures, and learn why it shouldn't be used directly for password hashing.
Read MoreSHA-1 Hash Algorithm Explained: Working Principles, Vulnerabilities, and Modern Alternatives
A comprehensive guide to the SHA-1 Secure Hash Algorithm: Learn about its history, core characteristics, and detailed working principles (including message padding, expansion, and the 80-step loop). Explore why SHA-1 is vulnerable to collision attacks (like SHAttered) and why it is deprecated for secure applications, along with modern alternatives.
Read MoreMD5 Hash Algorithm Explained: Principles, Applications, and Security Limitations
A comprehensive guide to the MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm: Learn about its history, working principles, core characteristics, and common use cases like file integrity validation. Explore why MD5 is vulnerable to collision attacks and why it is no longer recommended for password hashing, along with its modern alternatives.
Read MoreThe Ultimate CPS Test Guide: What Is Clicks Per Second and How to Improve Your Click Speed
CPS (Clicks Per Second) is the definitive metric for measuring mouse clicking speed. This comprehensive guide covers CPS definitions, testing methods, world records, advanced clicking techniques, and proven strategies to boost your click speed.
Read MoreThe Complete Guide to Fancy Text: Unicode Decorative Fonts, Styles & Usage Tips
A comprehensive guide to Fancy Text — how Unicode mathematical alphanumeric symbols enable 20+ decorative font styles like script, fraktur, double-struck, and more. Learn the technical principles, explore every style category, and use our free online converter tool.
Read MoreThe Comprehensive Guide to Martian Text (Huoxingwen): Origins, Cultural Rebellion, and Modern Nostalgia
A deep dive into Martian Text (Huoxingwen), the definitive internet slang of the early 2000s in China. Explore its complex linguistic structure, the 'Feizhuliu' subculture, social psychology, and its transition from youth rebellion to cyber-nostalgia.
Read MoreBase91 Encoding Explained: The Most Compact ASCII Binary-to-Text Encoding
A comprehensive guide to Base91 encoding: how its adaptive 13/14-bit bitstream algorithm works, its 91-character alphabet, encoding and decoding processes, efficiency comparisons with Base64 and Base85, and practical applications in data transport and storage.
Read MoreThe Complete Guide to English Date Formats: US, UK, and ISO Standards Explained
A comprehensive guide to English date formats including American MM/DD/YYYY, British DD/MM/YYYY, ISO 8601, ordinal suffixes, month and weekday abbreviations, and practical tips for avoiding date format confusion in international communication.
Read MoreBase85 Encoding Explained: A More Compact Alternative to Base64
A comprehensive guide to Base85 (Ascii85) encoding: how it works, its 85-character alphabet, encoding and decoding algorithms, z zero compression, <~ ~> delimiters, and real-world applications in PostScript, PDF, Git, and beyond.
Read MoreBase16 Encoding Explained: The Complete Guide to Hexadecimal
A comprehensive guide to Base16 (Hex) encoding: the simplest binary-to-text scheme. Understand the 16-character alphabet, encoding process, comparison with other Base encodings, and real-world applications in programming, networking, and cryptography.
Read MoreThe Ultimate Kaomoji Guide: Origins, Categories, Collection & Usage Tips
A comprehensive guide to Kaomoji (Japanese text emoticons) — their history, cultural significance, categories, and practical usage tips. Browse hundreds of kaomoji organized by emotion, from happy and sad to love and angry, with one-click copy.
Read MoreASCII Code Explained: Origins, Encoding Principles, Complete Reference Table & Practical Applications
A comprehensive guide to ASCII encoding — its history, encoding rules, full control and printable character tables, role in modern computing, and real-world applications in programming and beyond.
Read MoreThe Complete Guide to Random Number Generators: Algorithms, Security, and Applications
An in-depth exploration of random number generation — understand the difference between pseudo-random and true random numbers, learn about major algorithms (LCG, Mersenne Twister, CSPRNG), and discover how randomness powers everything from cryptography to game design and scientific simulations.
Read MoreBase64 in Practice: A Developer's Guide to Implementation, Variants, and Security
A hands-on guide to Base64 for developers, covering implementation across major programming languages, variant differences (Standard, URL-safe, MIME), frontend and backend best practices, common security pitfalls, and performance optimization tips.
Read MoreSBTI Personality Test: The Ultimate Meme Alternative to MBTI Explained
Discover the SBTI personality test—a hilarious, sarcastic, and highly popular internet meme that parodies traditional psycho-assessments. Explore the origin, the 15 dimensions, and deep dives into the most absurd test results.
Read MoreThe Complete Guide to the Enneagram: 9 Personality Types, Growth Paths, and Practical Uses
Explore the Enneagram in depth, including the nine personality types, the three centers of intelligence, wings, growth and stress directions, and how Enneagram insights can improve self-awareness, relationships, and teamwork. Includes a free online Enneagram test.
Read MoreChinese RMB Uppercase Conversion Explained: Rules, History, and Practical Guide
A comprehensive guide to converting Chinese Yuan (RMB) amounts into formal uppercase Chinese characters: from the historical origins of Chinese capital numerals to the writing standards of 壹, 贰, 叁, handling of zeros, and the distinction between 整 and 正.
Read MoreComplete Trigonometric Formulas Cheat Sheet: Identities, Double Angle, Half Angle & More
A comprehensive, well-organized reference of all essential trigonometric formulas — from basic identities and angle sum/difference to product-to-sum, power reduction, and the universal substitution. Perfect for students, engineers, and developers.
Read MoreBasal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Explained: Formulas, Significance & Weight Management
A comprehensive guide to Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). Learn about the Mifflin-St Jeor and Harris-Benedict equations, factors influencing BMR, and how to use it for your fitness goals. Includes a free online BMR calculator.
Read MoreCaesar Cipher Explained: Principles, History, Cracking, and Implementation
A comprehensive guide to the Caesar Cipher: from ancient Roman military communication to modern code implementation. Explore its mechanics, mathematical model, frequency analysis cracking, and its role in modern cryptography.
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